Individual Conferencing : Essentials, Public Speaking : Method, Techniques : Clarity of Substance, Emotion, Humour.
Modes of Presentation, Overcoming Stage Fear, Audience Analysis and Retention of Audience of Interest.
Methods of Presentation : Interpersonal, Impersonal, Audience Participation: Quizzes, Interjections.
Table of Contents:-
- Describe interpersonal communication with its characteristics.
- Define classroom presentation. Describe the tips to power up classroom presentation.
- Describe individual conferencing with its advantages.
- Write short note on public speaking.
- Explain basic type of public speaking.
- What are the public speaking techniques to attract the audience ?
- Explain the clarity in public speaking.
- Explain the modes of presentation.
- What are the tips to overcome stage fear or stage fright ?
- Explain audience analysis with different factors.
- What are the methods of interpersonal and impersonal communication ?
- Write a short note on audience participation : quizzes and interjection.
1.Describe interpersonal communication with its characteristics.
1. Interpersonal communication refers to the sharing of information
among people.
2. This form of communication is advantageous because direct and
immediate feedback is possible. If a doubt occurs, it can be instantly
clarified.
3. Interaction among friends and interaction with sales executives are
examples of interpersonal communication.
Characteristics of interpersonal communication :
1. Interpersonal communication is continuous, we constantly share or
send verbal and non-verbal messages.
2. Interpersonal communication is irreversible; once the exchange takes
place, it can never be ignored or taken back.
3. Interpersonal communication is situated; it occurs within a specific
communication setting that affects how the messages are produced,
interpreted, and coordinated.
2. Define classroom presentation. Describe the tips to power up classroom presentation.
The classroom presentation is comprised of short discussions, demonstrations,
and activities related to topic. The goal of a classroom presentation is to help
in effectively conveying information in a way that allows listeners to remember
what is said.
Tips to power up classroom presentations :
1. Use as many slides as needed :
a. It is a common myth that better presentations use fewer slides.
b. This is simply not the case.
c. Use as many slides as we need to make our point.
2. Minimize verbosity : Slide should contain less word with three to five
sub-points.
3. Maximize visuals :
a. Photos, figures and icons work as visual memory triggers.
b. These visuals help the students to remember the information about
the presentation.
4. Reduce redundant element : All redundant elements must be removed
because it create distractions from the content of slides.
5. Highlight what you are talking about :
a. While presenting, students may be momentarily distracted taking
notes, thinking about what we are saying, to reduce this one should
highlight important point in the slide.
b. Animate and reveal parts of illustrations and graphs (where possible)
to build our story rather than showing everything at once.
c. Use bold type or different colors to highlight the keywords in any
lengthy text.
3. Describe individual conferencing with its advantages.
1. Individual conference is a critical tool of supervision arranged to facilitate
interaction, sharing and feedback between supervisor and supervisee
in a systematic, planned and confidential setting.
2. ICs are supposed to be held every week during the assigned time.
3. It provides a platform to discuss the issues and concerns arising out of
field work.
Advantages of individual conferences are :
1. Individual conference meets the need of the individual worker.
2. It provides a forum for the students to discuss regarding the problems
they face.
3. It gives the students the privacy required to express their thoughts and
feelings to the faculty supervisor.
4. Faculty supervisor is in a position to exercise better control over the
student and take better care of their needs.
4. Write short note on public speaking.
1. Public speaking is like conversation requires one to organize one’s
thoughts into words to be presented to an audience.
2. The language used in a speech tends to be much more formal than
normal conversation.
3. The parts of public speaking include the source, receiver, message,
channel, feedback, context, and noise.
4. The source is the origin of the speech, while the receiver is the recipient
of the speech.
5. The message is the actual content of the speech being delivered,
including the gestures which accompany the actual words.
6. The channels are the means over which the receiver obtains the
message, which usually include auditory and visual.
7. Feedback is the resulting information that the receiver gives back to
the source during the process of the speech.
8. The environment and situation under which the speech occurs are the
context.
5. Explain basic type of public speaking.
Basic types of public speaking :
1. To inform :
a. In this type of public speaking, the speaker is presenting interesting
facts or lessons to the audience or explaining how to go about doing
something.
b. This could be a teaching lecturing about the civil war, a student
giving an oral report or showing how to decorate a cake or set up a
blog or a doctor explaining a procedure.
2. To persuade, motivate, or take action :
a. In this type of public speaking, the speaker will try influencing the
audience in some way.
b. The speaker might be trying to change mind about something, to
persuade to change the opinion, to motivate to change a behavior,
or to take action.
c. Some examples are explaining the benefits of a non-profit for the
purpose of eliciting donations, trying to get people to change bad
eating habits by explaining all the benefits of eating healthily or
attempting to convince people to vote against a candidate in an
election.
3. To entertain :
a. This type of speaking is often found at events like banquets,
weddings, or dinners.
b. The speaker is usually sharing a funny story or other anecdotal
information.
c. They could also be planned as entertainment at an event.
d. Topics are usually humorous and light and could serve a very specific
purpose, like introducing a featured guest or giving a toast.
e. Some examples of this would be the best man speech at a wedding
or an after-dinner speech given by a host of a party to thank guests
for coming.
6. What are the public speaking techniques to attract the audience ?
Public speaking techniques to attract the audience are :
1. Say something right off the bat that connects to the audience.
2. Connect with emotion.
3. Tell the audience how good they are.
4. Link back to the opening during the speech.
5. Relate to the audience’s self interests.
6. Entertain the audience with stories.
7. Tell the audience exactly what they are going to gain.
7. Explain the clarity in public speaking.
1. Clarity means clearness.
2. A speaker’s meaning must be immediately understandable; it must be
so clear that there is practically no chance of misunderstanding.
3. Many speakers despite having a complete control of what they were
speaking find it very difficult to speak clearly.
4. A speech may lack clarity, if the speaker :
i. Speaks either very fast or very slow.
ii. Does not articulate the words properly.
iii. Pronounces incorrectly or does not follow the standard
pronunciation.
iv. Gives wrong emphasis on words.
v. Does not have a well-organized material.
vi. Uses too many unfamiliar words.
8. Explain the modes of presentation.
Modes of presentation :
1. Oral presentation :
a. Oral session contains individual presenter presentations.
b. Any material presented must be in a simple, legible font with a
minimum font size of 14.
c. All references must be mentioned in the Power Point either as
footnotes or in a separate slide.
d. The time allocated for each presentation is 15 minutes (12 minutes
presentation & 3 minutes Q&A).
e. The recommended software to be used is Microsoft PowerPoint.
2. Plenary presentations : Plenary presentations are an interactive
skilled based discussion. For plenary speech, the organizing committee
allocates 20 minutes for the presentation.
3. Poster presentation :
a. A poster presentation allows us to interact face to face with people
interested in our research.
b. The display board for each poster should be 90 cm high and
60 cm wide.
c. Our poster should include the Abstract ID number.
d. Our posters should be handed over to the assigned organizing
committee member on the first day of the conference.
9. What are the tips to overcome stage fear or stage fright ?
Tips to overcome the stage fear or stage fright :
1. Shift the focus and fear to the purpose such as contributing something
of value to the audience.
2. Stop scaring with thoughts about what might go wrong. Instead, focus
the attention on thoughts and images that are calming and reassuring.
3. Refuse to think thoughts that create self-doubt and low confidence.
4. Practice ways to calm and relax our mind and body, such as deep
breathing, relaxation exercises, yoga, and meditation.
5. Exercise, eat well, and practice other healthful lifestyle habits. Try to
limit caffeine, sugar, and alcohol as much as possible.
6. Always focus on strength and ability to handle challenging situations.
7. Prepare the material in advance and read it aloud to hear your voice.
8. Make connections with the audience, smile and greet people, thinking
of them as friends rather than enemies.
9. Stand or sit in a self-assured, confident posture. Remain warm and open
and make eye contact.
10. Explain audience analysis with different factors.
Audience analysis involves identifying the audience and adapting a speech to
their interests, level of understanding, attitudes, and beliefs.
Factors of audience analysis :
1. Audience expectations :
a. When people become audience members in a speech situation,
they bring with them expectations about the occasion, topic, and
speaker.
b. Violating audience expectations can have a negative impact on the
effectiveness of the speech.
2. Knowledge of topic :
a. Audience knowledge of a topic can vary widely on any given
occasion, therefore, communicators should find out what their
audience already knows about the topic.
b. Try to do some research to find out what the audience already
knows about the topic.
c. Giving a brief review of important terms and concepts is almost
always appropriate, and can sometimes be done by acknowledging
the heterogeneous audience and the importance of putting everyone
on the same page.
3. Attitude toward topic : Knowing audience members attitudes about
a topic will help a speaker determine the best way to reach their goals.
4. Audience size :
a. Many elements of speech-making change in accordance with
audience size.
b. In general, the larger the audience the more formal the presentation
should be.
c. Sitting down and using common language when speaking to a
group of 10 people is often quite appropriate.
d. However, that style of presentation would probably be inappropriate
or ineffective if we were speaking to 1,000 people.
e. Large audiences often require that we use a microphone and speak
from an elevated platform.
5. Demographics :
a. The demographic factors of an audience include age, gender,
religion, ethnic background, class, sexual orientation, occupation,
education, group membership, and countless other categories.
b. Since these categories often organize individual’s identities and
experiences, a wise speaker attends to them.
6. Setting :
a. The setting of a presentation can influence the ability to give a
speech and the audience’s ability and desire to listen.
b. Some of these factors are: the set-up of the room (both size and
how the audience is arranged), time of day, temperature, external
noises (traffic), internal noises (babies crying, hacking coughs),
and type of space (church, schoolroom, outside).
7. Egocentrism :
a. Most audience members are egocentric: they are generally most
interested in things that directly affect them or their community.
b. An effective speaker must be able to show their audience why the
topic they are speaking on should be important to them.
11. What are the methods of interpersonal and impersonal communication ?
Interpersonal communication :
1. Interpersonal communication refers to the sharing of information among
people.
2. This form of communication is advantageous because direct and
immediate feedback is possible. If a doubt occurs, it can be instantly
clarified.
Methods of interpersonal communication :
1. Verbal communication :
i. Verbal communication is a major means of sending messages.
ii. It includes one-on-one meetings, speeches, grapevine, telephone,
departmental or interdepartmental meetings, presentation, etc.
2. Written communication :
i. It provides permanent record and facilitates the creation of organized
messages.
ii. Many methods of written communication are out of fashion such
as faxes and letters. However, these ways have been replaced by
new methods using technology, such as emails and text messages.
3. Non-verbal communication :
i. Non-verbal communication is a process of sending and receiving
message without using words, such as gestures, actions, facial
expressions, body language and other aspects of our physical
appearance.
Impersonal communication :
1. Impersonal communication is based on social roles, such as
communication between a sales representative and a potential customer.
2. The manner of communication is informal and superficial, covering
only necessary topics.
Methods of impersonal communication :
1. Memos :
i. A memo or memorandum is a communication that records events
or observations on a topic.
ii. Memos are typically used within a business environment as an
interoffice tool and can be used for many purposes.
2. Letters :
i. A letter is a written message sent by one person to another
ii. Letter can be categorized into different types based on formalities
maintained, information contained, purpose of use etc.
3. E-mail :
i. Electronic mail, e-mail is defined as the transmission of messages
over communications network.
ii. E-mail is a message that may contain text, files, images, or other
attachments sent through a network to a specified individual or
group of individuals.
4. Voice mail :
i. Voicemail is a method of storing voice messages electronically for
later retrieval by intended recipients.
ii. Callers leave short messages that are stored on digital media.
12. Write a short note on audience participation : quizzes and interjection.
1. An audience is a group of people who participate in a show or encounter
a work of art, literature, theatre, music, video games, or academics in
any medium.
2. Audience members participate in different ways in different kinds of
art; some events invite overt audience participation and others allowing
only modest clapping, criticism and reception.
Quiz : A quiz is a game which can also be called a mind sport wherein the
players, either as individuals or in teams attempt to answer questions posed
to them correctly, in order to win a prize.
Various benefits of quiz competitions :
1. Quizzes can be conducted for different age groups and over varying
cultures.
2. Quizzes improve or expanding one’s knowledge of things, either general
or in specific area.
3. Quizzes are designed to promote, a fun way to study and is the process
help to improve one’s general knowledge.
4. Quiz competitions enables students to think from different angles or
simply to think out of the box.
5. It promotes a healthy debate amongst participants in order to learn
from each other.
6. It helps in the team building process.
7. Provoking discussion and healthy debate amongst participating
players/ teams.
8. Quiz competitions even help to build the student’s soft skills.
Interjection :
1. An interjection is one of the eight major parts of speech, along with
verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions and
conjunctions.
2. Interjections like ‘wow’ and ‘ouch’ are only designed to convey emotion
in an abrupt and exclamatory way.
3. They express meaning or feeling in a word or two.
4. They do not relate grammatically to the other parts of the sentence, nor
do they help the reader to understand the relationship between words
and phrases in the sentence.
5. Interjections simply convey the way the author (or speaker) is feeling.
6. Interjections are rarely used in academic or formal writing; and more
common in fiction or artistic writing.
7. A sample list of interjections includes words such as :
a. Aha
b. Boo
c. Crud
d. Dang
e. Eew
f. Gosh
g. Goodness
